A recent study published in Environmental Pollution found that smoke from wildfires, agricultural blazes, and wood stoves becomes increasingly toxic as it ages in the atmosphere. The research, conducted by the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, focused on two key components of biomass smoke: levoglucosan and 4-nitrocatechol. Levoglucosan is a sugar-like compound released when wood burns, while 4-nitrocatechol forms when smoke interacts with nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, a process known as chemical aging.
The study exposed lung cells to different concentrations of these compounds and found that 4-nitrocatechol was significantly more toxic to lung cells than levoglucosan. Even at low levels, 4-nitrocatechol reduced cell survival and caused oxidative stress, which can lead to an imbalance that damages cells and contributes to lung diseases. The researchers warned that exposure to biomass smoke, especially aged smoke containing 4-nitrocatechol, can have serious health consequences, including respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.
People living in areas affected by wildfires and traffic pollution are at particular risk, and the researchers recommended taking precautions such as using HEPA air purifiers indoors and ensuring that homes are properly sealed. In extreme cases, investing in a gas mask or relocating to an area with cleaner air may be necessary. Some states, such as California and Arizona, are introducing clean air centers where people can go to breathe safe air, and forecasters are using new technology to better predict wildfires and track smoke and gas pollution.
The study’s findings reinforce concerns about the health impacts of biomass smoke pollution. Previous research has linked exposure to wildfire smoke to increased risk of dementia and impacted anesthesia function and surgical outcomes. To protect themselves, individuals can take steps such as using air purifiers, sealing their homes, and avoiding areas with heavy smoke pollution. Additionally, supporting policies and technologies that reduce biomass smoke pollution can help mitigate its harmful effects on public health. By taking action, we can reduce the risks associated with biomass smoke and create a healthier environment for everyone.